⚛️ Module 1: Fuel Cell Fundamentals
What is a Fuel Cell?
A fuel cell converts chemical energy from hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions, producing only water and heat as byproducts.
Fuel Cells vs Batteries
Batteries: Store energy, must be recharged when depleted
Fuel Cells: Generate electricity continuously as long as fuel is supplied
Basic Reactions
Anode (Hydrogen Oxidation): H₂ → 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
Hydrogen splits into protons and electrons
Cathode (Oxygen Reduction): ½O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂O
Oxygen combines with protons and electrons to form water
Overall: H₂ + ½O₂ → H₂O + Electricity + Heat
Types of Fuel Cells
| Type | Operating Temp | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) | 60-80°C | Vehicles, portable power |
| Solid Oxide (SOFC) | 600-1000°C | Stationary power |
| Alkaline (AFC) | 60-90°C | Space, military |
Why PEM for Golf Carts?
- Low operating temperature (quick startup)
- High power density (compact, lightweight)
- Fast response to power demands
- Proven technology with established supply chain
Fuel Cell Schematic Diagram
Figure 1.1: Detailed schematic showing PEM fuel cell operation with hydrogen oxidation at anode, proton transport through membrane, oxygen reduction at cathode, and electron flow through external circuit generating electricity