🔌 Module 5: Hybrid System Integration
Topology Comparison
| Topology | Efficiency | Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Parallel (Passive) | 75-82% | Lowest | DIY, Education |
| Semi-Active (FC Conv.) | 82-88% | Moderate (+$400-600) | Commercial Golf Carts |
| Fully Active (Both Conv.) | 85-92% | Highest (+$1000-1500) | Premium Applications |
Power Flow Visualization
Figure 5.1: Interactive power flow for different scenarios
DC-DC Converter Specifications
Unidirectional Boost Converter (for FC):
Input: 25-45V DC (FC voltage range)
Output: 48V DC regulated (±2V)
Power: 3 kW continuous, 3.5 kW peak
Efficiency: 93-96% at rated power
Switching Frequency: 20-50 kHz
Critical: <5% current ripple (protects FC from stress)
Recommended: Semi-Active Topology
Why: Best balance of cost, performance, and reliability
Efficiency Gain: 7-10 percentage points vs passive
ROI: 2-3 year payback in commercial operation
Adoption: Industry standard for commercial FC golf carts